Lesson 1: Sign Languages and Deafness in Ghana

GSL History and Culture

Ghanaian Sign Language (GSL), though not yet officially recognized, has become an integral part of communication for both Deaf and Hearing individuals in Ghana. Like many local languages, GSL has roots in American Sign Language (ASL) but has evolved to reflect Ghanaian culture.

The story of GSL began in 1957 when Andrew Foster, a Deaf African American educator with three university degrees, arrived in Ghana. At the time, stigma and lack of awareness about deafness meant that many Deaf children were hidden by their families. Foster worked tirelessly to change this, despite challenges. He collaborated with local authorities and used ASL to teach Ghana’s Deaf community, laying the foundation for what would become GSL. His efforts led to the establishment of schools for the Deaf across the country. Foster’s work left a lasting legacy, even after his untimely death in 1987.

Today, GSL is taught in institutions like the University of Education, Winneba, and is included in the Nursing and Midwifery Council’s curriculum. Its growing presence highlights its importance as a medium for communication and inclusion.

Deaf Culture in Ghana

Sign language is not just a tool for communication—it is central to Deaf culture. Deaf culture encompasses the social beliefs, values, traditions, art, and shared identity of the Deaf community.

A key distinction in Deaf culture is the use of the term “Deaf” (capitalized) to reflect cultural identity, as opposed to “deaf” (lowercase), which refers to the medical condition of hearing loss. Members of the Deaf community often view deafness not as a disability, but as a unique human experience.

Belonging to the Deaf community often brings a sense of pride and inclusion. However, Deaf individuals may face challenges in educational settings or within hearing families who may not know sign language. Unlike other cultural groups, many people join the Deaf community later in life, rather than being born into it.

Efforts to recognize and celebrate Deaf culture in Ghana are ongoing, reinforcing the importance of GSL as a bridge between communities and a vital part of the nation’s cultural fabric.